为什么预判后文
有些同学可能会质疑,阅读有必要预判后文吗?反正阅读文本可以回读,即便我一遍没读懂,我还可以再读一遍,只要一句句顺着文章往下读就完事了嘛。
确实,阅读基础不错的同学,一遍就能读出句子实质。然而,你又有多少次觉得句子都读得懂,但就不知道它在说什么呢?多少次你觉得托福说的根本不是人话?明明很简单的意思,ETS为啥喜欢兜圈子?
这个问题可以用数学知识来解决。知道“过一点能画无数条直线”这个规律吧?你可以把一句话想成一个点。从一句出发,你甚至能理解出不同含义。但是,两点确定一条直线。如果你讲句与句连接起来,每句话的重点就凸显出来。
再加上考试时间有限,我们更需要把有限的信息整合起来。如果你能做到预判后文,你的阅读会更清晰,更明白、更迅速。
如何预判后文
1 抓住中心句。
托福阅读段出现很多总分结构,第一句即为中心句。中心句会有抽象词(比如,effects、factors、reasons、ways等),能提示后文话题。
用一个例子,说的清楚些:
TPO 30
①Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. ②Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. ③Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. ④Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. ⑤Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.
第一句中costs是抽象名词复数,代表并列结构,意味着后文会并列展开“玩的成本‘到底有哪些。所以,下面句子阅读的重点就放在了与”cost“有关的内容上。通过therefore、another、also这边并列逻辑词,我们快速找到了并列句。接下来顺藤摸瓜,我们就知道玩的成本包括:1)loss of fuel;2) exposure to predators;3) risk of injury。
抓住了段落中心词,做到对下文的准确预判,话题就如多米诺效应迅速破解。
2 留意句间信号词
句与句会以串糖葫芦那样连接在一起,句间信号词就是这些句子的主线,不至于写地散架,读地发散。 常见句间信号词包括:并列(also, another, other...)、转折(however, but...)、举例(for instance, for example...)、因果(so、therefore...)、递进(indeed, in fact...).
举个例子:
TPO 40
①Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? ②Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. ③The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as reflection of this effect. ④But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. ⑤Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.
在这段话中①②句解释了一个事件:热带比高海拔物种多样性低,原因在于陆地面积。即land area ?? diversity. ③句信息量大,语意晦涩,让很多同学读地云里雾外。事实上,上下句间并列结构,也就是理解③句时完全依靠你已经理解的①②句。
不信,你想想看,the differences in diversity as reflection of this effect(this effect 指代The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes),是不是就在说land area ?? diversity。抓住句间信号词,能帮你利用已经信息快速读懂未知信息。这样读,你会读得越来越轻松,难道不香吗?
往下看,but信号词意味着④句与①②③句的转折关系。通常,观点后的转折是对观点的驳斥。在这里,我会预判后文讲“陆地面积不一定导致多样性”。以这个角度出发,我往下看时去找表达“不一定”关系的词,然后就捕捉到了“does not support“、”not the whole story“。所以可以看出,预判能帮你以更易理解的方式简化单词。这种爽,谁用了谁知道。